Results with and without CATAPHORE
Combustible (FUEL OIL WITH CATAPHORE) |
Unit |
Results without Cataphore |
Results
with Cataphore |
ASTM
Analytical
Method |
Cinematic Viscosity at 50° C |
SF |
235 |
227 |
D-445 |
Water |
% Vol |
0.15 |
0.05 |
D-95 |
Asphaltene |
Weight % |
10.0 |
4.2 |
|
Deposit |
Weight % |
0.05 |
0.02 |
D-473 |
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Report on viscosity in shear
Object
This study was performed to investigate the influence of an additive designated
CATAPHORE on the viscosity of crude oil (bunker) under moderatly high shear rates and
temperature.
Materials
CATAPHORE: Supplied by requestee and used as such.
#6 BUNKER OIL : Supplied by requestee.
Methods
The bunker viscosities were measured using a standard FANN viscometer (rotating inside cylinder,
measuring torque on outside cylinder). The apparatus was standardized as described by
the manufacturer and tested by measuring the viscosity of ethylene glycol at 25°C; the value
found was 20 centi poise, comparing favorably with 19.0 c.p. litterature value at 20°C.
Because of the lack of accurate reference liquids at high viscosity (e.g. near 300 c.p. the
results given below are precise on a relative basis only. The temperature of the oil was maintained
at 67°C ± 0.2°C throughout the experiments by means of a water jacket and a circulating
thermostat.
Results
The torgue angle readings (Ø) were converted into corresponding viscosities using the relationship:
n = s x Ø x f x c
where s is a speed factor, f, the torsion spring factor and c is a rotorbob constant dependent
on the diameters of the outside and inside cylinders. The viscosity of #6 Bunker oil at 67°C
under shear rate of l9 cm/sec ( 100 rpm) was determined as 230 c.p. and taken as reference
(unit value). All other viscosities are reported relative to the latter in table 1
Table 1. |
Relative Newtonian Viscosities (n) of # 6 Bunker Oil at 67°C and in the
presence of CATAPHORE. |
RPM |
shear rate cm/sec |
Bunker #6 |
# 6 Bunker with CATAPHORE |
Con.: CAT. nrel |
Con.: CAT. nrel |
100 |
19 |
1.00* |
0.02% |
0.95 |
0.2% |
0.90 |
200 |
38 |
0.99 |
0.02% |
0.95 |
0.2% |
0.91 |
300 |
57 |
0.97 |
0.02% |
0.95 |
0.2% |
0.92 |
* Newtonian viscosity of #6 Bunker measured as 230 cp; all other values given
relative to the latter
Estimated uncertainties on nrel : 0.02
Conclusions
The addition of low levels of CATAPHORE produces measurable reduction of bunker
oil viscosities under all conditions tested here and the effect if larger than the dilution
effect of the solvant in the CATAPHORE additive.
Carmel Jolicoeur
Chimiste
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Report on atomization (U.S. Bureau of Mining 5113)
Report on the Atomization of light and heavy fuels in the combustion chamber
test on numbers or droplets in systems before and after treatment of fuel with
Ivesco's (Cataphore)
1. Introduction
We received a sample of app. 100 cm in a sealed plastic bottle labeled Ivesco's
(Cataphore). We received two sealed containers 5 liters each:
- Light fuel 200 sec/Redwood 1
- Heavy fuel 1500 sec/Redwood 1
2. Equipment Used
A Sunstrand Fuel burner pump was connected to a container with heat control
and pressure gauge and a S 150/3/15/18 injection valve. The atomized stream
of oil droplets was led through a timing apparatus 1/60 to 1/1000 sec to a screen.
According to the findings issued in the US Bureau of mining 5113 test, the
number of droplets reaching the screen for treated and untreated oil and the
diameter of these droplets in average are the significant values for an atomization
support ability.
The light fuel was preheated to 50°C and the timing gradually decreased from
1/100 of a second always another 1/100 second until a value of 1/1000 of a
second was reached. The treatment concentration by Ivesco's (Cataphore),
1 part of Cataphore to 10000 parts of fuel.
The heavy fuel was preheated to 80°C and the same timings were set. This
was repeated 3 times with treated and untreated oil. The results show as follows,
using a treatment concentration by Ivesco's (Cataphore) 1 part of cataphore
to 10000 parts of fuel.
LIGHT FUEL
TIMING SEC. |
LIGHT FUEL UNTREATED
NO. OF DROPLETS |
LIGHT FUEL TREATED
NO. OF DROPLETS |
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Test 3 |
Total |
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Test 3 |
Total |
1/100 |
2800 |
2715 |
2970 |
8485 |
8530 |
9360 |
8160 |
26050 |
200 |
2410 |
2470 |
3010 |
7890 |
7180 |
6680 |
7430 |
23270 |
300 |
2100 |
2070 |
2350 |
6520 |
6700 |
6680 |
5943 |
20810 |
400 |
1630 |
1815 |
1720 |
5165 |
6700 |
7150 |
6840 |
20690 |
500 |
1315 |
1420 |
1514 |
4249 |
6400 |
6190 |
6620 |
19210 |
600 |
1208 |
1060 |
1330 |
3590 |
6115 |
6230 |
6150 |
18495 |
700 |
1070 |
1130 |
1050 |
3250 |
5810 |
5630 |
5960 |
17400 |
800 |
930 |
1060 |
1020 |
3010 |
5270 |
5030 |
4850 |
15150 |
900 |
800 |
740 |
780 |
2320 |
3960 |
3630 |
3650 |
11240 |
1000 |
610 |
580 |
710 |
1940 |
3050 |
3315 |
3160 |
9525 |
|
|
|
Total |
46419 |
|
|
Total |
181840 |
3. Summary for Light Fuel
Atomization improved according to relating numbers of droplets in
evenly timed tests in the average for a fuel of 200 sec/Redwood 1 at 50°C.
181840 / 46419 = 3.9
The equal amount of fuel injected will show a 3.9 times finer droplet pattern
3.9 times more droplets containing the same amount of fuel.
HEAVY FUEL
TIMING SEC. |
LIGHT FUEL UNTREATED
NO. OF DROPLETS |
LIGHT FUEL TREATED
NO. OF DROPLETS |
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Test 3 |
Total |
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Test 3 |
Total |
1/100 |
760 |
780 |
730 |
2270 |
4860 |
4620 |
4715 |
14195 |
200 |
650 |
640 |
610 |
1900 |
4210 |
3830 |
4220 |
12260 |
300 |
590 |
590 |
515 |
1695 |
3600 |
3415 |
3350 |
10365 |
400 |
430 |
400 |
410 |
1240 |
3490 |
3510 |
3560 |
10560 |
500 |
380 |
350 |
370 |
1100 |
2970 |
2760 |
2860 |
8590 |
600 |
290 |
280 |
260 |
830 |
2100 |
1940 |
1740 |
5780 |
700 |
180 |
210 |
210 |
600 |
1770 |
1840 |
1630 |
5240 |
800 |
90 |
110 |
80 |
280 |
1260 |
1350 |
1270 |
3880 |
900 |
60 |
120 |
110 |
290 |
830 |
910 |
860 |
2600 |
1000 |
70 |
110 |
90 |
270 |
515 |
470 |
460 |
1445 |
|
|
|
Total |
10475 |
|
|
Total |
74915 |
4. Summary for Heavy Fuel
Atomization improved according to relating numbers of droplets in
evenly timed tests, in the average for a fuel 1500 sec/Redwood 1 at 80°C
74915 / 10475 = 7.2
The equal amount of fuel injected will show after treatment under equal
conditions as for untreated, an increase in the number of droplets average
7.2 times finer atomization.
5. Summary
By the use of Ivesco's (Cataphore) for treatment of different types of fuel
the atomization of fuel in the combustion chamber is substantially
improved. Formation of smaller droplets makes these more equal sized.
Readings were obtained by counting droplets per cm2 of a total screen area of 25 cm2.
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